Celastrol Nanoemulgel Formulation And In Vitro Penetration Test

Objective: To obtain formulations of Celastrol (Cst) nanoemulgel via transdermal route. Celastrol is classified in BCS 4 class as an anti-inflammatory drug. These routes are considered to reduce the risk of Celastrol side effects and have the same characteristics as skin morphology. Methods: Celastrol nanoemulgel was prepared by a high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) technique. To find the optimum nanoemulsion area by using the Chemix 7.00 ternary phase program. Celastrol nanoemulgel was evaluated by measuring the particle size, PDI, morphology, zeta potential, stability tests and in vitro using Franz diffusion cell Results: Results showed the ideal formula based on the ternary phase diagram using chemix 7.00 is oil: smix: water (5:45:50), with particle size 89.9±5 nm, PDI 0.1, and zeta-21 mV. The morphological shape is quite spherical ≤ 100±5 nm. The pH value of this formula is 4.5, which compatible with the pH of the skin. The highest recovery rate of Celastrol and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were formulas 3 μg/ml and 5 μg/ml, with EE 91.70% and 94.54%, respectively. In vitro test results showed that the formula 3 μg/ml and 5 μg/ml give better penetration results than the formula 2.5 μg/ml. Thus, Celastrol nanoemulgel formula has good potential to be developed as a transdermal anti-inflammatory drug. Conclusion: Transdermal nanoemulgel containing Celastrol has been successfully developed with particle size ≤ 200±2 nm.

Management of TB in the Private Sector in Khartoum; Sudan: Quality and Impact on TB Control

Introduction: Sudan has a large and growing private health sector. No survey was done in Sudan to show the extent of the use of private health care services by the population. Also precise data on tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment in the private sector are not available. Material and methods A facility-based cross-sectional survey was carried out during February2007-June 2007 in Khartoum state; whereby consented private physicians working in the all private clinics (n=110) were interviewed. Results This study showed that a large private sector exist in the country and deliver care to TB patients and reported the non-adherence of this sector to National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) guidelines. 59.1of the interviewed physicians correctly mentioned the TB treatment regimens; only 8(12.3) physicians that reported management of TB patients actually prescribed these regimens to their patients. Similarly; only 10(15.4) physicians requested sputum smear examination for TB diagnosis. Conclusion A considerable proportion of cases is inadequately managed by the private sector and is not notified to NTP. The information delivered by this study can be used to develop a workable Public-private mix (PPM) model with the private sector

Colorectal carcinoma in young adults: Clinicopathological study in Mosul

A clinicopathoIogical study of young patients with colorectal carcinoma, aged 40 Years and under, were studied during the period [1984 - 1990]. There were 83 patients Out of 200 with colorectal cancer in this age group [41.5%]. This percentage was found to be higher than those reported by other workers. The explanation for that and the Dukes staging of such patients was considered and discussed. The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and changes in bowel habits. The histological pattern was mostly of moderately [38.6%] and poorly differentiated [39.7%] types with mucinous changes. It was concluded that such tumours in this age group is much higher in this country [North of Iraq] than those- reported in other countries and the incidence of the mucinous variety is higher too. This finding is reflected in the Dukes staging of such patients where roost of them were staged B and. C. Proper follow up and satisfactory recording is essential to assess prognosis

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder in Northern Iraq [histopathological study of the types, grading and pathological staging]

Pathological classification and grading of two hundred-eight cases of carcinoma of the urinary bladder was done. Pathological staging was also performed, whenever possible and muscle invasion was particularly looked for and it was seen in twenty-eight cases only, where the muscle layer was there in the biopsy. Transitional-cell carcinoma was the most common type [94.7%]. The majority were of grade 1[42.64%], and grade 2[35.54%]. Grade 3[13. 19%]and grade 4[8.62%] were found to be mainly invasive. The papillary tumour was found to be less invasive than the non-papillary [solid] type. A close relation between grade and pathological stage was noticed. The squamous-cell carcinoma was a rare tumour of the bladder in this part of Iraq. It was highly invasive. These findings are discussed and compared with other studies and in relation to certain factors